"specific, substantial and credible"
Key facts
- This site cites agencies, standards bodies, patent records, and national-lab material so readers can verify claims at the source.
- The source library favors U.S. government, national-lab, standards, and patent records over forums or promotional pages.
- This page cites 17 primary sources and treats patents as claim documents, not performance proof.
How to use this library
Each source on this site is used for a specific job. NASA Glenn pages ground the thermodynamic boundary. NIST pages ground units, uncertainty, and measurement discipline. USPTO pages explain what patents can show. EIA, DOE, and NREL pages ground legitimate energy technologies.
No source is asked to prove more than it can prove. A patent record can document a claim. It cannot prove net energy. A renewable-energy statistics page can document energy sources. It cannot validate a magnet motor. A thermodynamics explainer can state the boundary. It cannot replace a device-specific test.
Source categories
The strongest free-energy writing separates source categories: physical law, measurement method, patent/legal status, energy statistics, technology research, and individual claim documents. Mixing those categories is a common way weak arguments look stronger than they are.
When an article on this site says a claim needs a test, it links to the measurement protocol. When it says a term has a legitimate technical meaning, it links to a thermodynamic or energy source. When it discusses a patent, it treats the patent as a document to inspect.
What would improve this source base
The best possible addition would be independent, raw-data-rich test reports for specific devices, including failures. Negative results are useful when the setup is well documented. They help future readers avoid repeating measurement mistakes.
Another useful addition would be public datasets for small ambient-energy harvesters, electrolyzers, heat pumps, and generator tests, all reported with uncertainty budgets. Free-energy research improves when claims become comparable measurements.
FAQ
Why does the site favor primary sources?
Primary sources reduce the risk of inherited errors and let readers verify the exact claim being made.
Are forums and videos useless?
No. They can surface claims worth investigating, but they usually are not enough to establish net energy performance.
Cite this page
Free Energy Research. "Primary Source Library." Updated 2026-07-12. Accessed from https://freeenergyresearch.org/sources/.
https://freeenergyresearch.org/sources/Primary sources
- First Law of ThermodynamicsNASA Glenn Research Center
Plain-language statement of energy conservation and energy accounting for thermodynamic systems.
- Second Law of ThermodynamicsNASA Glenn Research Center
Explains entropy and why real processes impose direction and losses.
- SI UnitsNational Institute of Standards and Technology
Official U.S. reference for joule, watt, ampere, kelvin, and other measurement units used in test plans.
- Simple Guide for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement ResultsNational Institute of Standards and Technology
NIST Technical Note 1900, a practical guide for uncertainty budgets and reported measurement confidence.
- Report of Tests on Joseph Newman's DeviceNational Bureau of Standards / NIST
A public measurement case study for a claimed over-unity electrical device, including test plan, instruments, calibration, and results.
- MPEP 2107, Guidelines for Examination of Applications for Compliance with the Utility RequirementUnited States Patent and Trademark Office
USPTO guidance on the specific, substantial, and credible utility requirement.
- MPEP 608.03, Models, Exhibits, SpecimensUnited States Patent and Trademark Office
Patent examination rule noting when a working model may be required, including perpetual-motion situations.
- Reins for the Casimir EffectNational Institute of Standards and Technology
NIST report on the Casimir effect and nanoscale control of vacuum-fluctuation forces.
- Renewable Energy ExplainedU.S. Energy Information Administration
Primary federal overview of renewable energy sources and their role in U.S. energy supply.
- Electricity in the United StatesU.S. Energy Information Administration
Current federal electricity-generation source data, including renewable shares.
- Magnets and ElectricityU.S. Energy Information Administration
Explains electromagnetic induction in generators: magnets enable conversion, not source-free energy creation.
- Hydrogen Fuel BasicsU.S. Department of Energy
DOE explanation of hydrogen as an energy carrier and fuel-cell input.
- Hydrogen Production: ElectrolysisU.S. Department of Energy
DOE overview of water electrolysis and the need for electricity input.
- Heat Pump SystemsU.S. Department of Energy
DOE Energy Saver guide showing why heat pumps can deliver more heat than their electrical input by moving heat.
- Renewable Electricity Futures StudyNational Renewable Energy Laboratory
NREL grid-integration research on high-renewable electricity scenarios.
- NIST Chemistry WebBookNational Institute of Standards and Technology
NIST thermochemical data reference useful for understanding thermodynamic free energy in chemistry.
- US4936961A, Method for the production of a fuel gasUnited States patent record
Patent record often cited in water-fuel-cell discussions; useful as a document to read, not proof of performance.